Epoxy for concrete floor - My experience with Concrete Floor Solutions was outstanding. Jason is genuine, highly knowledgeable and friendly. All the materials I’ve used are top-notch – The Epoxy Fast Set Crack filler, Epoxy 500sq ft floor kit, and high-performance urethane topcoat. Installation was pretty easy after reading the install guide.

 
When epoxy is present, the paint will actually adhere to the concrete surface better and make the surface more durable. When epoxy is not added to the formula, .... Novo business checking

The MPC-100 epoxy kit for garage floors is on the pricier side, but you get 3 gallons and all indications are that the results last considerably longer. There’s more work involved in applying the MPC 100—not only must the concrete be primed before the sealant, but the manufacturer recommends some significant prep work first. That …This 100-percent epoxy concrete repair patch is stronger than concrete once it dries.It bonds completely to the concrete and won't wear down, shrink, or crack over time.It's perfect for repairing tough cracks or holes up to 1/2 inch deep in concrete garage floors, foundations, driveways or walkways, walls, and stairs.. It dries fast, too—if …Mix 4 litres of base paint with 1 litre hardener and leave for 15-30 minutes. Add 10% Epoxy Thinners (as and when required) and mix thoroughly to obtain a workable consistency. Smaller quantities must be mixed to the same ratio. Apply two coats for best results, allowing 12-14 hours to dry between coats. Clean tools with Medal Epoxy Thinners.Epoxy Floor Paint, For Floors · Floor Coating Services · Epoxy Floor Coatings, For Floors · 1 Kg White Liquid Epoxy Resin, For Industrial, Packaging Type: Bott...Epoxy coatings are normally applied over concrete floors to provide a high-performance, smooth, and durable surface that can last many years and withstand heavy loads. Many industrial sites, warehouses, …Epoxy concrete floor coatings are a great option if you are looking for tough and attractive flooring. They combine polymer resins and hardeners that result in a chemical bond with the concrete. Plus, there are many colors and decorative options to …A solution that is both affordable and simple to maintain is necessary for outdoor areas. Enter epoxy flooring. Epoxy costs only between $3 and $12 per square foot, so budget accordingly. This indicates that you may save money on the flooring to spend on things like pool supplies and comfortable patio furniture. 3.Two-Part Epoxy Floor Coating With 100 Percent Solids Two-part epoxy floor coatings are described as "100 percent solids" because they do not contain any …Nicpro epoxy resin also boasts a nontoxic, low-odor, and food-safe formula for use with kitchen and dining items. Mixing the right amount of this epoxy resin with the hardener is simple with the 1 ...interior PRODUCTS. Most Popular Products. View All. ARMORCLAD LOW TEMP 40 DEG F EPOXY KIT | 14 PC | UP TO 500 SQ FT WITH TOPCOAT. $ 1,129.00. Armorclad …Learn the step-by-step process of applying epoxy concrete floor paint to ensure a durable and beautiful finish. Find out the types of epoxy, the tools and materials …KILZ® 1-Part Epoxy Concrete & Garage Floor Paint is a single-component water-based epoxy built to resists hot tire pick-up, cracking, peeling & blistering.My experience with Concrete Floor Solutions was outstanding. Jason is genuine, highly knowledgeable and friendly. All the materials I’ve used are top-notch – The Epoxy Fast Set Crack filler, Epoxy 500sq ft floor kit, and high-performance urethane topcoat. Installation was pretty easy after reading the install guide.An epoxy floor coating is usually a two part coating that you mix and will adhere to your garage floor or any concrete floor much better than any conventional oil based, water based or enamel paint, think epoxy glue type adhesion vs duct tape adhesion. Your floor will have a much more dramatic look to it with a super high gloss finish no ...DIY EpoxyFlor is a 'Do-It-Yourself', easy to use water based epoxy floor coating which provides a satin finish. Suitable to be used for residential interior cement floors such as garages, living rooms or even bedrooms, DIY EpoxyFlor is also suitable for … The kit arrives with a 5.2 gal. bucket. Apply the epoxy to concrete applications, while also preparing the surface before application. It takes at least 24 to 48 hours to cure and provide a long-lasting, durable finish. You can get this high-quality epoxy/floor paint in various colors. It has low VOC content, making it safer for homes and ... Cover the entire garage floor with the etching solution. Let it sit for 20 to 30 minutes. Thoroughly wash all of the solution off the floor with a hose or pressure washer. Before moving on, it is important to make sure the floor is completely dry. To do so, it may be best to let the garage floor sit for 24 hours.Looking to install epoxy floors in your home? This contractor tells all in this beginner-friendly video! Learn about epoxy flooring, what tools and materials... 32. CRAFTSMAN. Epoxy 100% Solids MVB 2-part Dark Grey High-gloss Concrete and Garage Floor Paint Kit (2-Gallon) Find My Store. for pricing and availability. 13. Seal-Krete. Epoxy-Seal 1-part White Tintable Satin Concrete and Garage Floor Paint (-Gallons ize Container) Find My Store. When epoxy is present, the paint will actually adhere to the concrete surface better and make the surface more durable. When epoxy is not added to the formula, ...Advertisement. Decorate floors by brightening or defining certain areas of the facility. Mark traffic isles. Route traffic. Cover stained concrete. In this article we will look at some of the most commonly specified concrete floor protective coatings and give an overview of some of their advantages, disadvantages and typical applications.Protective eyewear. 6. Brush: 3 inches, Roller: 9 inches, Cover: 1/2 an inch, Nap: 1/2 an inch. 7. A roller with an extendable grip. 8. Degreaser for Concrete. 9. Kit for applying epoxy resin coatings to concrete ( Check out these best ones for concrete if you haven’t stumbled upon it yet!)Cover the entire garage floor with the etching solution. Let it sit for 20 to 30 minutes. Thoroughly wash all of the solution off the floor with a hose or pressure washer. Before moving on, it is important to make sure the floor is completely dry. To do so, it may be best to let the garage floor sit for 24 hours.Resincoat Concrete Floor Paint. £34.99. £29.16 ex VAT. Tax included. Resincoat Concrete Floor Paint is an acrylic resin formula designed to add a sealed, attractive matt finish to concrete floors. This paint is a one pack system meaning no additional parts are required, simply stir thoroughly and apply using a roller or brush. Rust-Oleum’s concrete floor coatings include concrete paint and epoxy floor coatings. Learn how they help protect basement and garage floors, sidewalks and patios. Rust-Oleum Concrete & Garage Floor Paint. EpoxyShield Garage Floor Coating Kit. RockSolid Garage Floor Coating Kit. Learn how to choose, apply, and maintain epoxy floor coatings for your garage. Compare epoxy with other flooring options and find out the pros and cons of …Make sure all parts fit together snuggly before proceeding. Mix the two-part concrete epoxy. Use a knife or snips to cut off the ends of the syringes contained in the epoxy glue for concrete kit. Expel any air in the syringe by slightly depressing the plunger. Dispense resin and hardener in equal amounts onto your disposable surface.There are two main types of concrete stains: acid- and water-based. 1. Acid-Based Stains: Acid-stained concrete floors are created using a chemical staining process that combines acid, metallic salts, and water. This mixture reacts with the minerals in the concrete, creating a unique, mottled appearance.The different types of epoxy floorings are: 1. Epoxy Mortar Floor. Epoxy mortar floor consists of 100% solid epoxies and quartz sand. It is used for floors that require higher resistance against impact loads and chemicals. It can also be used to repair cracks before applying another type of epoxy floor.617K views 7 years ago. How to properly prepare a surface, prime and coat a concrete floor with Anvil Epoxy Show Coat, using Anvil AquaSeal Waterproofer Sealer & Primer as our …EpoxyShield is an epoxy garage floor coating that delivers adds protection and shine to your concrete. It's five times stronger than regular epoxy to defend ...57. CRAFTSMAN. Epoxy 100% Solids MVB 2-part Light Grey High-gloss Concrete and Garage Floor Paint Kit (2-Gallon) Find My Store. for pricing and availability. 32. Seal-Krete. Epoxy-Seal 1-part Slate Gray Satin Concrete and Garage Floor Paint (-Gallons ize Container) Find My Store.Concrete epoxy coatings are the perfect choice for industrial and commercial facilities, from warehouse floors to large parking garages. Every project is subject to it’s working environment, our goal is to ensure that your business functions at it’s best. High-quality commercial and industrial grade applications for concrete floor finishing ...On the downside, epoxy mortar is more expensive than thinset and has a strong smell while it cures. Additionally, epoxy mortar sets quickly. This can be a deficit because it provides only a short window of time to make changes. Pot life for most epoxy tile mortars is about 45 minutes. After pot life expires, the product is considered to be ... Previous coatings or paints should be removed before a new epoxy coating is applied. Any cracks or concrete spall should be filled and stabilized before a new epoxy coating is applied. Determine if moisture or dampness is coming up through the concrete from the ground. If moisture is evident, your floor isn’t suitable for epoxy. Epoxy Flooring for your Concrete and Wood Floors:https://www.stonecoatcountertops.com/...Epoxy Flake Floor Step by Step Written Instructions:https://www.ston...Nov 20, 2018 · Roll on the epoxy concrete floor paint. Paint a big wet “W” pattern that’s about 3 to 4 ft. square, then backroll to fill in the pattern—all in 60 seconds. Finish by going over it lightly to remove roller marks. Coating the floor. If you move at a steady pace, you should finish your two-car garage floor epoxy in less than one hour. Concrete Flooring Options. Epoxy Floor Coatings Color Chart. Garage Floor Paint? Some people call it garage floor paint, the actual product is called an epoxy floor coating. Epoxy coatings come in a wide range of colors, (see color chart below). Epoxy coatings are used for automotive shop areas, warehouse floors even residential garage floors.Oct 6, 2023 · Cost of epoxy flooring. Epoxy flooring costs $4 to $10 per square foot installed on average, depending on the type and project size. An epoxy floor costs $1,600 to $5,800 for a 2-car garage. Epoxy resin prices are $1 to $5 per square foot for materials and $3 to $5 per square foot for labor. Epoxy floor cost by location. Installs over concrete: ‘Epoxy flooring is a coating for concrete flooring,’ explains Rotem Eylor, CEO and Founder of Republic Floor. ‘The coating is applied …Either strip the epoxy paint with chemicals or use machinery to remove it. Either way, knowing how to remove epoxy from concrete takes a lot of planning, safety measures, and patience. I Hire a Professional. There is no shame in hiring a pro to remove the epoxy from your concrete floor. This is a challenging project and sometimes …REASON 2: YOU DON’T WORK ON CARS. While polished concrete floors can be resistant to oils and other spills, they can not stand up to repeated exposures to brake fluid or gear oil. If you’re a hobbyist mechanic, there’s no better garage floor system than a flake epoxy floor. Even fluid spills that sit on a flake epoxy floor for days will ...Acrylic or oil-based paints are good for painting outdoor concrete walls, while epoxy resin paint is good for concrete floors, patios, sidewalks and driveways. Elastomeric wall pai...My experience with Concrete Floor Solutions was outstanding. Jason is genuine, highly knowledgeable and friendly. All the materials I’ve used are top-notch – The Epoxy Fast Set Crack filler, Epoxy 500sq ft floor kit, and high-performance urethane topcoat. Installation was pretty easy after reading the install guide.May 23, 2017 · When Saavedra decided to use epoxy flooring to brighten up his 700-square-foot Austin, Texas home, numerous vendors told him it was a bad idea. He was dealing with pre-existing concrete that had ... Once the surface is clean and dry, you’ll need to apply an epoxy primer. The primer will help the epoxy adhere to the floor and will also improve the durability of the finished product. After the primer has been applied, you’re ready to mix the epoxy. Remember, epoxy comes in two parts – a resin and a hardener.Floor Coatings. Luxafloor® is a premium range of concrete floor coatings suitable for heavy industrial applications such as chemical plants, food processing and commercial car parks as well as commercial and retail applications such as shop fronts and pedestrian walkways. Included in the Luxafloor® range is Luxafloor® Aggregates for slip ...The main difference between acrylic vs. epoxy floor coating is the formula. The acrylic is a water-based floor coating made of acrylic polymer emulsions. Meanwhile, the epoxy coating comprises a resin and polyamine hardener, making epoxy better. As a 100% resin product, it is more resistant and durable than acrylic.Epoxy Installation over Very Rough Concrete Floors. Proper surface preparation is imperative to a successful installation of any epoxy. ... Topcoat with 2 coats ...Apply this mixture to the concrete with a brush or sprayer. Let this sit for 15-20 minutes, then rinse thoroughly with clean water. 3. Prime & seal. Apply a coat of primer to seal in moisture, then use an acrylic-based epoxy concrete sealer for a longer-lasting finish. Allow the sealer to dry overnight before proceeding with painting.Traditional home-center type floor paints cure at approximately 3 mils thick. A sheet of copy paper is about 4 mils thick. ArmorPoxy’s industrial coating systems range from 7-250 mils thick, and we can specify virtually any coating system to fit your particular requirements, and budget. ArmorPoxy epoxy systems offer:Applying the epoxy coating properly so as to avoid blistering, puckering, flaking, or other application errors is best done by a fully trained, professional concrete flooring contractor. Before an epoxy coating is applied to the floor, Jon-Don highly recommends considering the following: New slabs of concrete should be allowed to fully cure for ...May 16, 2022 · BEST FOR FLOORS: Henry, W.W. Co. 12064 Gallon Pre-Mixed Floor Patch. BEST FOR WALLS: Rust-Oleum 301012 Wall-Surface-Repair. BEST ACRYLIC: SIKA – 472189 Sikacryl Ready-Mix Concrete Patch. BEST ... Epoxy floor coating systems are made up of two distinct elements: an epoxy resin and a polyamine hardener. These two components are mixed prior to …REASON 2: YOU DON’T WORK ON CARS. While polished concrete floors can be resistant to oils and other spills, they can not stand up to repeated exposures to brake fluid or gear oil. If you’re a hobbyist mechanic, there’s no better garage floor system than a flake epoxy floor. Even fluid spills that sit on a flake epoxy floor for days will ...Concrete floors are known for their durability and longevity, making them a popular choice for commercial and industrial spaces. However, over time, concrete floors can become worn...Protective eyewear. 6. Brush: 3 inches, Roller: 9 inches, Cover: 1/2 an inch, Nap: 1/2 an inch. 7. A roller with an extendable grip. 8. Degreaser for Concrete. 9. Kit for applying epoxy resin coatings to concrete ( Check out these best ones for concrete if you haven’t stumbled upon it yet!)Getting outdoor epoxy coatings for your patios or porches can improve any establishment: Enhance the look of any front entrance, concrete walkway, outdoor porch, patio or pool surface. Anti-slip additives can ensure safety for your family around the pool or decking area. Enjoy life more with a new stylish and beautiful outdoor patio space.Resincoat Concrete Floor Paint. £34.99. £29.16 ex VAT. Tax included. Resincoat Concrete Floor Paint is an acrylic resin formula designed to add a sealed, attractive matt finish to concrete floors. This paint is a one pack system meaning no additional parts are required, simply stir thoroughly and apply using a roller or brush.Epoxy-based concrete coating can transform garages and shops by giving worn, stained concrete floors new life. Unlike traditional concrete stains and paints that …It’s a Resinous Concrete Floor Defense System. Perdure Self-leveling Epoxy (SLE) Systems are engineered using the latest polymer technologies from raw materials provided by only the best, most reputable, global suppliers. Distinctly-educated chemists formulate our coatings to perform exactly as required for your project’s specifications.Epoxy Flooring. How to Prepare Concrete Floors for Epoxy Coating. When people think of epoxy coatings, residential garages and auto showrooms come to mind. Epoxy …Garage Epoxy Floor Kit for Concrete - 14-Pc 2 Part, Industrial Grade Epoxy Floor Coating - 300 Sq Ft, Tan - for Garage, Basements, Workshops, Contractors, Automotive, Storage, Retail Shops . Visit the ArmorPoxy Store. 4.4 out of 5 stars 112 | Search this page . $439.00 $ 439. 00.Resincoat Concrete Floor Paint. £34.99. £29.16 ex VAT. Tax included. Resincoat Concrete Floor Paint is an acrylic resin formula designed to add a sealed, attractive matt finish to concrete floors. This paint is a one pack system meaning no additional parts are required, simply stir thoroughly and apply using a roller or brush.Either strip the epoxy paint with chemicals or use machinery to remove it. Either way, knowing how to remove epoxy from concrete takes a lot of planning, safety measures, and patience. I Hire a Professional. There is no shame in hiring a pro to remove the epoxy from your concrete floor. This is a challenging project and sometimes …Concrete Flooring Solutions provides durable epoxy resin flooring for all commercial spaces. Our service is designed to be fast, affordable and non-invasive to ensure minimal disruption to your day. Throughout the project, our team will always be on-hand to answer any questions or concerns you may have. Fast installation. 32. CRAFTSMAN. Epoxy 100% Solids MVB 2-part Dark Grey High-gloss Concrete and Garage Floor Paint Kit (2-Gallon) Find My Store. for pricing and availability. 13. Seal-Krete. Epoxy-Seal 1-part White Tintable Satin Concrete and Garage Floor Paint (-Gallons ize Container) Find My Store. Once the surface is clean and dry, you’ll need to apply an epoxy primer. The primer will help the epoxy adhere to the floor and will also improve the durability of the finished product. After the primer has been applied, you’re ready to mix the epoxy. Remember, epoxy comes in two parts – a resin and a hardener.Looking to install epoxy floors in your home? This contractor tells all in this beginner-friendly video! Learn about epoxy flooring, what tools and materials you'll need, and how to prep...ArmorPoxy’s low VOC epoxy floor coatings offer the same durability and performance as our traditional epoxy coatings, but with minimal impact on the environment and indoor air quality. Ideal for commercial, industrial, and residential applications, our eco-friendly epoxy coatings provide excellent resistance to chemicals, abrasion, and impact. We did a pour of self leveler(14x3 ft) Prepped the floor, dusted and measured all based on specs. Still had two hairline cracks n the new slab sounded hollow around the cracks.To fix this, did my research n found that this product is great 4 subfloors. Bought 6 tbs. 1 was bad due to epoxy lvls off, it never cured. Mar 8, 2024 · Require Low-Maintenance: Epoxy flooring’s non-porous nature makes cleaning a breeze. It resists dirt, bacteria, and debris, reducing health and safety hazards. You Have a Sealed Concrete Floor: Epoxy acts as a long-lasting sealant, far surpassing the performance of regular concrete sealers. When epoxy is present, the paint will actually adhere to the concrete surface better and make the surface more durable. When epoxy is not added to the formula, ...Ask any industrial floor coating expert or anyone with a coated industrial floor, and you’ll often get the same answer: epoxy concrete floor coatings are best. Here’s a look at som...A new epoxy coating can be just the thing for garage floors that are looking worse for wear. Epoxy garage floors cost between $1,595 to $3,337, with the national average at $2,441. By Katie ...Rope-like crack filler is fast and easy to install in cracks and joints ½ inch to 1 inch wide. Melts with handheld torch and bonds to the sidewalls of the concrete opening. Forms a permanent seal ...One of the toughest and most durable surfaces to have on your floor, epoxy is perfect for industrial areas like garages, driveways, and workshops alike. In this article, … Freshen up your concrete floors with EPOXYSHIELD ® Concrete Floor Paint. This self-priming acrylic paint requires only one coat and resists fading, chipping and stains, even when exposed to sunlight, weather, hot tires or chemicals. 3 to 5 times the abrasion resistance of competitive products. Indoor and outdoor durability. H&C Shield-Crete Water-Based Epoxy Garage Floor Coating is a 2-part epoxy that penetrates deeply into concrete, creating a hard, durable surface that resists peeling and stops hot-tire pickup for long-lasting beauty. Create endless customizable looks with over 1,000 Sherwin-Williams® tintable colors and designer blends of Deco-Flakes.Jan 9, 2020 · I put this video together to help anyone wanting to do their own epoxy floors. The products used for this floor are Arizona Polymer Flooring APF E400 in Saf... Concrete epoxy adhesives: A quick briefing. Most epoxy glues for concrete come as two-part systems consisting of an epoxy resin and a hardener. When equal volumes of the resin and hardener are mixed, they react to produce a tough, rigid, high-strength bond. You can use epoxy resin for concrete to repair, fill, bond, and rebuild concrete surfaces.

Epoxy resin floors are extremely durable, slip resistant and waterproof. With a wide range of finishes, we can find the epoxy to suit you! To begin with, our epoxy resin flake comes in a wide variety of colour designs allocating to everyone’s specific taste, it is suitable to go anywhere in your home or business with the right prep work involved.. Encrypting emails

epoxy for concrete floor

Oct 6, 2023 · Cost of epoxy flooring. Epoxy flooring costs $4 to $10 per square foot installed on average, depending on the type and project size. An epoxy floor costs $1,600 to $5,800 for a 2-car garage. Epoxy resin prices are $1 to $5 per square foot for materials and $3 to $5 per square foot for labor. Epoxy floor cost by location. Freshen up your concrete floors with EPOXYSHIELD ® Concrete Floor Paint. This self-priming acrylic paint requires only one coat and resists fading, chipping and stains, even when exposed to sunlight, weather, hot tires or chemicals. 3 to 5 times the abrasion resistance of competitive products. Indoor and outdoor durability.Concrete epoxy adhesives: A quick briefing. Most epoxy glues for concrete come as two-part systems consisting of an epoxy resin and a hardener. When equal volumes of the resin and hardener are mixed, they react to produce a tough, rigid, high-strength bond. You can use epoxy resin for concrete to repair, fill, bond, and rebuild concrete surfaces.Floor Chips / Color Chips / Decorative Flakes You are looking at color chips, used in floor coating systems. Most often used as a decorative look in garage floor epoxy, but it also works great in coatings for Laundry Room Floors, Basements, Shop Floors, Concrete Slabs, Porches and Sun Porch floors.2-Part Water-Based High Gloss Epoxy Floor Coating. The Armor Epoxy is a high solids water based high gloss epoxy coating designed to offer superior bonding ...8 Apr 2021 ... The preferred method for concrete surface preparation in most cases is grinding of all horizontal surfaces. Shot-blasting is another good method ...When pouring a new concrete floor, a little planning can save a lot of time, hassle, and money when applying decorative and protective epoxy coatings. Planning …Epoxy completely seals the concrete surface, whereas tile is adhered to the surface with a setting mud or adhesive. This adhesive does not stop moisture ...A metallic epoxy floor coating is essentially a low-yellowing epoxy with a metallic pigment. Epoxy resin is blended with small, almost glitter-like colors and then poured on the floor or substrate to cure. It is the movement of the metallic pigments that causes them to change shape and reflect light in various ways. Epoxy flooring is an ideal option for anyone looking to improve the appearance of concrete floors in their home or business. Unlike other options, such as tile or linoleum, this type of flooring is relatively easy to install and can be completed quickly by even a novice DIYer. Begin applying concrete primer by using a paint brush on the corners and edges of the concrete floor or surface. Use a paint roller to apply primer throughout the floor. Two coats of primer are recommended for best results. Allow the primer to dry for at least two hours after each coat. Repeat the same method above to paint the concrete floor.Kilz Concrete and Garage Floor Paint. Read More. Shop Now. Best Long-Term Epoxy for Garage Floors. MPC-100 Epoxy Kit. Read More. Shop Now. Best …There's no hard and fast answer, and both flooring solutions offer a range of benefits to home and business owners. That being said, epoxy flooring does trump ...Gray Gloss 2-Part 600 sq.ft. Epoxy Kit Interior Industrial Concrete Basement & Garage Epoxy Floor Paint Kit. Add to Cart. Compare $ 399. 00 /gallon (11) ARMORPOXY. 3 Gal. Medium Gray Gloss 2 Part Epoxy Interior/Exterior Concrete Basement and Garage Floor Coating Floor Paint. Add to Cart. Compare. More Options Available $ 212. 00DAVIES® Powerfloor™ is a two-pack high-performance epoxy floor coating designed to provide tough and durable protection to interior concrete floors. This 100% solid one-coat system forms a smooth glossy finish with outstanding resistance to abrasion and impact, and solvent and chemical spillage. Type : Epoxy-polyamine Polymer Finish : Smooth ...SPARTACOTE. Moisture Mitigation. High moisture in the slab and associated moisture vapor transmission is one of the leading causes of resinous flooring issues and failures. LATICRETE® recommends for protection against moisture vapor or when the relative humidity (RH) in the concrete measures 75% or greater to use VAPOR BAN™ ER or …The advanced Self-Priming 1-Part Epoxy Concrete and Garage Floor Paint is ideal for interior and exterior concrete floors. It resists peeling caused by hot tires. It provides a stain, chemical and weather resistant finish. View Product. 180 oz. Gray Polycuramine 2.5 Car Garage Floor Kit.Epoxy coatings for concrete floors are a great choice, but not an easy one to DIY. It isn’t a quick or a simple process, and there are three factors critical for success. 1. Preparation. ….

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